Abstract
Objectives: To determine whether distinct anxiety phenotypes (rumination, global anxiety and worry; RAW) are associated with plasma brain-derived (BD) phosphorylated-tau (p-tau) biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in older adults.
Design: Cross-sectional observational study.
Methods: Participants were 89 older adults aged 50≥years (mean age 64.3±8.8 years) enrolled in the RAW Brain study (R01 MH108509) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Anxiety phenotypes were assessed using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PWSQ≥50), Rumination Subscale from the Response Style Questionnaire (RSQ>50), and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS>17). Participants were classified as High-RAW if they exceeded established severity thresholds on ≥1 domain; continuous anxiety scores were used for primary analyses. Plasma BD-tau, BD-p-tau181, BD-p-tau217, and BD-p-tau231, and matched non-BD versions were quantified using the NULISAseq™ CNS Panel. Associations between anxiety phenotypes and tau biomarkers were examined using multivariable linear regression adjusted for age, sex, and APOE4 status, with Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate correction.
Results: Greater global anxiety was associated with higher plasma BD-p-tau181 (β=0.308, 95% CI [0.003,0.048], p=0.047). This association was also observed categorically (adjusted Cohen's d=0.462, p=0.049). Worry and rumination were not associated with BD-p-tau181, and no anxiety phenotypes were associated with BD-tau, BD-p-tau217, BD-p-tau231, or corresponding non-BD alternatives.
Conclusions: Greater late-life global anxiety, but not worry or rumination, was selectively associated with higher plasma BD-p-tau181. These findings extend epidemiologic evidence linking anxiety to AD risk by identifying a biologically specific blood-based correlate linking anxiety with AD-related p-tau biology. Longitudinal studies incorporating amyloid and tau biomarker confirmation are needed to determine whether anxiety precedes, accompanies, or results from early AD pathophysiology.