Hiding in plain sight: rare Bacillus cereus group species are present among unassembled metagenomic samples in public databases

Abstract The Bacillus cereus group is a complex of closely related species, which vary in terms of their geographic spread, industrial utility, and pathogenic potential. In addition to encompassing well-known species represented by thousands of genomes (e.g., bioterrorism agent B. anthracis , foodborne pathogen B. cereus , biopesticide B. thuringiensis ), the B. cereus group houses “rare” species discovered/first sequenced over a decade ago. Until recently, four rare species ( B. manliponensis , B. bingmayongensis, B. gaemokensis , “ B. clarus ”) were each represented by a single unique genome; as such, virtually nothing is known about these species beyond their type strains. We hypothesized that additional representatives of rare B. cereus group species may already be present in public databases as yet-unassembled metagenomes. To this end, we used species-specific markers to identify 7 metagenomic samples in NCBI’s Sequence Read Archive, which harbored B. manliponensis , B. bingmayongensis, or B. gaemokensis . Metagenomic assembly and binning yielded an isolate-quality B. manliponensis metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) from avocado orchard soil in Israel, plus a partial B. bingmayongensis MAG from commercial spinach spiked with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli . For rare species represented by >1 unique genome, we compared our novel MAGs to all available genomes and identified strain– and lineage-specific genomic elements (e.g., sphingomyelinase C and hemolysin BL homologs, variably present in B. manliponensis and B. bingmayongensis , respectively). Altogether, our study indicates that some rare B. cereus group species may be more common and geographically widespread than previously thought, and highlights the utility of culture-independent methods for recovering rare/under-isolated taxa. Impact Statement Individual B. cereus group strains vary in terms of their pathogenic potential and industrial utility. While some strains cause illness in humans and/or animals (e.g., anthrax, emetic intoxication, diarrheal toxicoinfection, non-gastrointestinal illnesses), other strains have important biotechnological applications (e.g., biocontrol, plant growth promotion, production of antimicrobials and other natural products). Because many virulence– and biotechnological-related phenotypes are strain-dependent (rather than species-dependent), phenotypes associated with an individual strain (e.g., a species type strain) cannot be extrapolated to an entire B. cereus group species. Within this context, rare B. cereus group species represent a major gap in our understanding of B. cereus group evolution, ecology, and pathogenicity, as until 2021, each rare species was represented solely by its type strain genome. Here, we aggregate all publicly available genomes/MAGs of rare B. cereus group species and supplement them with their first novel representatives since 2024. Our efforts bring the total number of unique B. manliponensis and B. bingmayongensis genomes/MAGs to >2, allowing us to conduct the first-ever phylogeographic survey and strain-level assessment of functional potential for each species. Overall, our study represents a critical first step toward understanding rare B. cereus group species beyond their type strains. Data Summary Metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) generated in this study are available in BTyperDB ( https://btyperdb.btyper.app/ ) and NCBI, under NCBI BioProject accession PRJNA1528975 (for the novel B. manliponensis MAG: NCBI BioSample accession SAMN63123299, BTyperDB ID BTDB_2026-0001324.1; for the novel B. bingmayongensis MAG: NCBI BioSample accession SAMN63123300, BTyperDB ID BTDB_2026-0001323.1). All BTyperDB genomes used for B. cereus group pan-genome construction are available via Zenodo ( https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22960684 ). NCBI accessions for all publicly available genomes used in this study are available in the Supplementary Material (available via Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21939590 ). All code for running software is described in the article, with additional figure construction code available via GitHub ( https://github.com/lmc297/weird_bacillus ). Interactive phylogenies for B. manliponensis and B. bingmayongensis are available via BTracker ( https://nextstrain.org/community/vigzy77/BTracker/Bacillus-cereus-group/BTyper3-sp-manliponensis(Core-genome-ML) and https://nextstrain.org/community/vigzy77/BTracker/Bacillus-cereus-group/BTyper3-sp-bingmayongensis(Core-genome-ML) , respectively).