Abstract
Musical aesthetic experience can reveal students' cognitive, aesthetic, and emotional responses to music. However, how professional vocal training alters brain functions in female college students with varying levels of musicianship to promote these is unknown. Here we applied fMRI, psychological measures and Goldsmiths musical sophistication index (Gold-MSI) assessments to study 27 non-music major female college students consisting of instrument group (normal pitch accuracy with instrumental training), general group (normal pitch accuracy without instrumental training) and poor-pitch group (poor pitch accuracy and without instrumental training). After 1 year of one-on-one instructional practice, we found that professional vocal training enhanced information processing related to musical cognition and pleasure during musical aesthetic experiences across all three groups, involving improvements in motor control of vocalization, auditory feedback processing, musical memory and attention together with musical pleasure. Specifically, instrument group showed activation of reward circuits, general group exhibited activation of laryngeal motor control circuits, and poor-pitch group displayed activation of sensory/sensorimotor/motor control circuits. Both pre- and post-training, the instrument group exhibited higher connectivity than the other two groups in the left amygdala–dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the right posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG)–left insula pathway. After professional vocal training, the general group showed higher connectivity in the left amygdala–dACC, whereas the poor-pitch group demonstrated increased connectivity in the right pSTG–left insula and dACC-nucleus accumbens pathways. Surprisingly, professional vocal training activated the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a subcortical emotion center, and connectivity with the medial prefrontal cortex associated with musical information processing. Thus, vocal training can significantly improve musical cognition and aesthetic pleasure, and facilitates neural modulation in the brain's emotional centers.