Abstract
Navigating the world requires our brains to constantly process a massive influx of information from the environment. One of the most remarkable yet complex feats the human brain performs daily is speech perception. It is a multifaceted, hierarchical process that relies heavily on the integration of auditory and visual cues, particularly in noisy environments. Neural integration of these streams is hypothesized to depend on temporal mechanisms governed by individual alpha frequency (IAF, 8-12 Hz), which serves as a key neural correlate of the temporal binding window (TBW). While IAF has been linked to multisensory integration, its role in shaping multisensory illusions remains largely unexplored. Here, we tested this directly using transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to modulate occipital activity during multisensory conflict. In a two-day protocol involving 27 healthy participants, resting-state EEG was recorded to determine IAF. On Day 2, participants then performed a multisensory speech task involving congruent (pa/, /ta/, /ka/) and incongruent McGurk stimuli (auditory /pa/, visual /ka/), both at baseline and during tACS applied at IAF and offset frequencies (IAF +/- 2 Hz) over occipital electrodes. While accuracy for congruent syllables remained high across conditions, results revealed that tACS significantly reduced the perception of illusory /ta/ percepts during McGurk trials. Finally, using a phenomenological model based on Kuramoto oscillators, we provided a mechanistic explanation for the percentage of illusory responses observed across participants under the influence of tACS at IAF and offsets. This study highlights the potential for targeted neuromodulatory interventions to influence multisensory processing in clinical or professional settings.