Abstract
Abstract
Islands harbour exceptional biodiversity but face severe threats, making their conservation crucial to achieving the goals and targets of the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. We therefore evaluated whether existing indicators can track progress toward the Framework’s 23 targets across islands worldwide. We screened 504 biodiversity and socioeconomic indicators from the official framework and other global initiatives, retaining 47 indicators. Historical time series from 1950 onward were modelled and projected to 2030. Indicators were also classified using the Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response (DPSIR) and Theory of Change (ToC). Results showed uneven progress: eight targets improved across all available indicators, while ten displayed conflicting trends. Nearly half of the indicators focused on policy and management responses showed improvement, whereas trends in biodiversity pressures and states were mixed. Critically, 15 of 23 targets (65%) lacked a suitable headline indicator, and five targets had no indicator at all. Notably, Targets 2 and 8, addressing ecosystem restoration and climate change impacts, respectively, lacked island indicators entirely. Over half of the available indicators (29 of 47; 62%) were reported at the national level, limiting their applicability to subnational island jurisdictions and potentially obscuring differences between mainland and island conditions. Most targets also lacked quantitative objectives, limiting evaluation of whether the rate of change is sufficient to meet the targets by 2030. We recommend island-level reporting, island-specific indicators, and quantitative benchmarks tailored to island needs.