Abstract
This paper examines why historical and current protections have not consistently provided early recognition, diagnosis, treatment, return to service, or whole-of-life care for military and emergency services personnel affected by service-related psychological and physical harm. It applies Dmitry Nikolaenko’s three regimes of scientific recognition—Accompanying Science, Warning Science, and Critical Reconstruction—to New Zealand Defence Force and emergency services contexts. The analysis considers psychological trauma, moral injury, cumulative occupational stress, cancers, and other chronic conditions associated with repeated exposure to toxins, toxic environments, and temperature-related stressors. Evidence is drawn from New Zealand legislation, operational arrangements, official reports, published research, compensation processes, and existing health data systems. The paper argues that Nikolaenko’s model remains applicable when attention shifts from environmental contamination to human health, but that Critical Reconstruction does not by itself specify what must happen after institutional non-recognition has been identified. Two further regimes are therefore proposed. Critical Practice addresses immediate protection, monitoring, data preservation, redress, and operational change. Critical Regeneration redesigns the relationship between scientific inquiry, governance responsibility, law, occupational health, and operational practice so that future harm is recognized and acted on earlier. Together, the five regimes form the Nikolaenko-Alexander Model. Applied to New Zealand law and practice, the model identifies fragmented records, inconsistent legal coverage, high burdens of proof, and the absence of integrated long-term monitoring. It provides a framework for more equitable recognition, support, and precautionary governance.