Abstract
Throat infection, also known as pharyngitis or tonsillitis, is a common condition that affects individuals of all ages, being especially prevalent among children and adolescents. It can be caused by viruses or bacteria, with Streptococcus pyogenes standing out as the main bacterial agent. Symptoms include pain when swallowing, fever, malaise, and oropharyngeal inflammation. Although often self-limiting, the infection can lead to complications if not properly treated. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate management are essential to relieve symptoms, prevent adverse outcomes, and avoid the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. This literature review was conducted through scientific publications found in the following databases: Virtual Health Library (VHL), PubMed, CAPES Journals Portal, and the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), with no time restrictions. Despite being common, throat infections require careful evaluation to distinguish between viral and bacterial etiologies, with streptococcal pharyngitis being the leading bacterial cause and associated with potential complications such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. The use of clinical criteria, rapid antigen detection tests, and throat culture is fundamental for accurate diagnosis. Antibiotic treatment, such as penicillin or amoxicillin, should be reserved for confirmed bacterial cases, with adherence to treatment duration to prevent antimicrobial resistance. Vulnerable populations—such as children, the elderly, immunocompromised individuals, and pregnant women—require tailored care.