Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in infants and children remains a critical global health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Transmission primarily occurs through vertical routes—during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding—posing unique challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Early detection is often complicated by nonspecific symptoms and the presence of maternal antibodies. Advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART) have significantly improved survival and quality of life; however, barriers such as limited access to healthcare, social stigma, and treatment adherence persist. Understanding the clinical, immunological, and psychosocial aspects of pediatric HIV infection is essential for effective management and prevention strategies. This literature review was conducted through scientific publications found in the following databases: Virtual Health Library (VHL), PubMed (Public Medline), CAPES Journal Portal, and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), without any time restrictions. HIV infection in infants and children remains a significant public health challenge, despite advances in early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Effective management requires a multidisciplinary approach addressing clinical, immunological, and psychosocial aspects. Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy improves outcomes, but barriers such as late diagnosis, poor adherence, and stigma persist. Prevention strategies, especially the interruption of vertical transmission and education among adolescents, are crucial to reduce new infections. Planned transition to adult care and continuous support enhance long-term health and quality of life. Ongoing investments in healthcare access, public policies, and stigma reduction are vital to improve prognosis and promote equitable care.