One Health and Veterinary Microbiology: Interactions between environment, animals, and humans in the control of emerging pathogens

Emerging and reemerging pathogens pose a growing threat to global health, requiring integrated approaches that address the complex relationships among humans, animals, and the environment. This study explores how veterinary microbiology and the One Health framework can contribute to the detection, monitoring, and control of emerging pathogens at the interface between humans, animals, and the environment. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify key microbial threats and evaluate diagnostic, epidemiological, and preventive strategies used across sectors. Special emphasis was placed on bacterial and fungal pathogens with zoonotic potential, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and environmental drivers such as climate change, land use modification, and wildlife contact. The findings highlight the importance of early detection through molecular diagnostics, improved bio surveillance networks, and interdisciplinary collaboration among veterinary, medical, and environmental health professionals. Integrating veterinary microbiology into One Health strategies strengthens outbreak preparedness and response capacities, while also supporting more effective disease control and prevention measures. This work underscores the need for coordinated actions at local, national, and global levels to reduce health risks and protect both human and animal populations.