Research capacity in Ugandan universities: a systematic review of gaps, evidence distribution, and future priorities

Background Universities play a central role in research, teaching, innovation, and sustainable development. However, despite the expansion of universities in Uganda, concerns persist about the quality, productivity, and impact of their research. Although several studies have examined research capacity, the evidence remains fragmented, limiting understanding of the major gaps, how the evidence is distributed, and priorities for strengthening research capacity. Therefore, this study addressed the overarching question: What does the existing peer-reviewed evidence reveal about research capacity gaps in Ugandan universities, the distribution of that evidence, and priorities for strengthening research capacity? Methodology We adopted a systematic review methodology, strictly following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We searched records in Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, ProQuest, and Taylor and Francis Online using keywords such as research capacity, Ugandan universities, and related synonyms, covering publications from January 2019 to April 2026. Identified records were screened against strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 27 included studies. Data were extracted using a structured form and synthesised thematically. Bias was minimised through independent dual review, consensus, and arbitration by a third reviewer. Results Findings suggest that research capacity challenges in Ugandan universities are broad, interconnected, and deeply institutional. Major gaps were identified in funding, infrastructure, translation, skills, mentorship, culture, policy and leadership. Besides, there was uneven research capacity across disciplines, universities, students and faculty. Discussion This study contributes to existing knowledge by providing a comprehensive and accessible documentation of research capacity gaps in Ugandan universities. The study also proposes the Integrated Research Capacity Ecosystem Framework which conceptually synthesises the results into a structured framework to guide institutional planning, policy, and future research. Therefore, the findings are useful for different stakeholders in higher education and research in Uganda and similar contexts. Registration This review was not registered with PROSPERO, as the database only accepts reviews that address direct human health-related outcomes. Also no alternative registry was used and no review protocol was prepared. This is reported among the limitations.