Embracing causal complexity: An analytical framework based on Aristotle’s conceptualization of causes and causalities

Despite the recognition of the benefits of the complex causality perspective to understand organizational phenomena, it remains difficult to apply. To address this gap, we propose an analytical framework ontologically grounded in Aristotle’s conceptualization of causes and causalities. This framework unfolds in three steps: First, it identifies the four primary and per se causes; second, the other causes, including accidents, instruments and secondary causes; and third, it examines their interrelations through two types of causalities—reciprocal and total, as well as partial convergent or divergent. By providing an ontological foundation for causes and causalities our framework allows researchers to investigate any organizational phenomena, thereby operationalizing and deepening our understanding of causal complexity.